Last Updated:  7 April 2012

Bessarabian History continuted......

ADMINISTRATION

In

Old Russia:

Local, Province and National

Civil Rankings (including ecclesiastical) are:

1. Tsar of All Russia
2. Tsar's Chancellors
3. Tsar's Court:  Tsarovich, Dowager Empress, Empress, Grand Dukes and Grand Duchess
4. Overlords:  Governors of Provinces; Pope of Greek Orthodox Church
5. Central Administrators:  Tsar's councillors, Chief of Chamberlain, Marshal, Equerry, Huntsman, Stewards, Cup-Bearer, Mast of Ceremonies and Carver; Cardinals, Legates, Curia
6. Over-Regional Administrations: Prince of States [often princes of an ethnic groups such the Khans in Georgia]; Archbishops, Metropolitans
7. Gaue [Regional Administrations]:  Counts; Bishops
8. Regional Land Administrations:  Barons, Boyers, Free Lords; administrations of ecclesiastical lands
9. Sub-regional for Justice:  Counts, Barons, Free Lords, Boyers appointed by judges of the court;  ecclesiastical members of the court, plus parish priests
10. Members of the Guild
11. minor officials
12. peasants
13. serfs [before 1881] - held no status
14. prisoners of the state - held no status

The DISTRICTS  OF BESSARABIA WERE:

• AKKERMANN DIST.
• BENDER DIST.
• BALTZ DIST.
• KISHINEFF [KISCHNEV] AND CAPITAL
• ORHEI DIST.
• SOROCA DIST.
• HOTIN DIST.

DIVISIONS:

According to historians there were 78 Governments and 18 Provinces or Regions plus the Island of Sakhalin.  Four cities were "Prefectural" and directly answerable to the central authority.  Governments were subdivided into Districts of difference sizes and a number of these were subdivided into towns and volosts [communes].

Head of each of the Provinces were the Governors who controlled the central power.  Among these powers were :the promulgation of the laws; the control of their executions; the  supervision of all the administrate institutions and was an agent of the Ministry of the Interior; the control of police and public assistance.

GORODSKAY UPRAVE:

This was the executive committe which was parallel with the mayor of the villages and town.

ISPRAVNIK:

This was the High Commissioner of Police

MARSHAL OF THE DISTRICT

Presided over the Zemstov

MIR or SKHOD:

Was the council for the municipal authories of the village communes lead by it's elders [starosta]. They discussed local taxes or schools, guardianships for minors, assistance to the poor and needed and distribution of lands.....

RUSSIAN NOBILITY:

There were 465 noble families in Bessarabia by 1911.  Of which 138 were of the old Moldavian nobility.  198 were raised to this status in the military and the official class.  64 of these were Polish.

STANVOI  PRISTAV:

Commissioner who worked under the Commissioner of Police 

TUTELAR OFFICE FOR FOREIGN SETTLERS IN NEW RUSSIA:

Was establish in 1800 for the safeguarding of rights and privileges of the colonies being founded in New Russia  [Black Sea, Odessa and Kherson] areas.  The rights would extended after 1814 to the colonies in Bessarabia.

URADNICK:

The Russian chief of police was used in serious cases.

VILLAGE Communes  [COLONIES] ADMINISTRATION:

The laws set down as village communes by Tzar Paul I in 1800 carried over to later communes and colonies of the German-Russians.  They provided a degree of freedom and responsibilities of the locals who freely elected their leaders.

VOLST

District assemblies, which had it's own body of officials:

• district chief [Volostnai starshina]
• chief mayer [Oberschulz
• assessors [Beisitzer]

WELFARE COMMITTEE OF THE GERMAN COLONIES:

They were establish in 1818 with two branch offices.  The main branch was in Jekaterinoslav.  The others were in Kishinev and Odessa.  Each had it's own hierarchy of officials.  They were:

• Director
• Assessors (2)
• Magistrate
• Subalteran minor officers:
  • Doctor
  • Veterinarian
  • Secretary
  • Bookkeeper
  • Translator
  • Minor Clerks

ZEMSTOVOS:

This was an elected assembly within the district.  They were concern with local economics and agricultural affairs.  They met once a year.

ZEMSKY NACHALNICK:

Established in 1889 created for the cantonal leaders who needed co-operation with administrative and judicial officials.

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